There are rebuild kits available for the rectangular master cylinders - perhaps there are replacement pistons for the round type but the round ones are
much less "rebuildable" friendly, then the rectangular type. I rebuilt my rectangular M/C, but still ended up replacing it about a year or two later as there was
a fair bit of corrosion in the bore that I couldn't get out without severely gouging the metal. You may be OK with the M/C as it is, though perhaps another flushing
out with more brake fluid wouldn't hurt to make sure that you've got all the "chunks" out of the system. I think that you will find with stainless braided brake lines, you'll have considerably more stopping power than you had before, or at least, it will tend to require less lever effort.
I would go at that bolt with some penetrating oil for a few days, we have some products like WD-40 on this side of the pond that come with a long straw
so one can spray into smaller areas without soaking everything around. If after a day or two of repeatedly soaking it and working the bolt a bit you cannot
get it loose, it is safest, in my opinion, to remove the headlight sheel so that you can get right at the thing. Shouldn't need to remove the guages if your setup is like mine.